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60 lines
2.3 KiB
Markdown
60 lines
2.3 KiB
Markdown
**Concatenation** is a process where literal or variable [STRING](STRING) values are combined using the [+](+) operator.
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## Usage
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> value$ = "Literal text" + string_variable$ + "more text."
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* The [STRING](STRING) values added can be literal or string variable values or a string [FUNCTION](FUNCTION) value.
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* When combining string values in a variable definition, concatenation MUST be used!
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* Literal or variable numerical values cannot be used in string concatenation.
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* A numerical value can be changed to a string value using the [STR$](STR$)(number), [CHR$](CHR$)(code), [HEX$](HEX$), [OCT$](OCT$), [MKI$](MKI$), [MKS$](MKS$), [MKD$](MKD$), [MKL$](MKL$), [_MK$](_MK$) or [VARPTR$](VARPTR$) functions.
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* [PRINT](PRINT) does not require any concatenation, but it can be used instead of using [semicolon](semicolon)s where strings are combined ONLY.
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* String values CANNOT be subtracted from a value! Use [LEFT$](LEFT$), [RIGHT$](RIGHT$) or [MID$](MID$) to get portions of a string value.
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Adding quotation marks to a string value using concatenation. Variables cannot be defined using semicolons!
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```vb
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quote$ = CHR$(34) + "Hello World!" + CHR$(34)
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PRINT "Bill Gates never said "; quote$; " when he answered the telephone!"
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```
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```text
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Bill Gates never said "Hello World!" when he answered the telephone!
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```
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Inserting numerical values in a PRINT string with semicolons, PRINT USING and PRINT with concatenation.
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```vb
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name$ = "Billy"
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boxes% = 102
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sales! = 306.00
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template$ = "& sold ### boxes for $$####,.##."
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PRINT name$; " sold"; boxes%; "boxes for $"; sales!; "."
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PRINT USING template$; name$; boxes%; sales!
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PRINT name$ + " sold" + STR$(boxes%) + " boxes for $" + LTRIM$(STR$(sales!)) + "."
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```
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```text
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Billy sold 102 boxes for $ 306 .
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Billy sold 102 boxes for $306.00.
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Billy sold 102 boxes for $306.
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```
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> *Explanation:* Printed numerical values using semicolons have a space on each side. [PRINT USING](PRINT-USING) properly formats the string and displays the cent values when they are zero. [STR$](STR$) converts the number to a string and excludes the right number space, but leaves the sign space. [LTRIM$](LTRIM$) eliminates the leading sign space between the string number and the $ dollar sign.
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## See Also
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* [PRINT](PRINT), [PRINT USING](PRINT-USING)
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* [CHR$](CHR$), [STR$](STR$), [VARPTR$](VARPTR$)
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* [Semicolon](Semicolon), [Comma](Comma)
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